The Ethics And Procedures Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research

â€Å"While we must devote enormous energy to conquering disease, it is equally important that we pay attention to the moral concerns raised by the new frontier of human embryo stem cell research. Even the most noble ends do not justify any means.† This quote comes from former president George W. Bush during a radio conference where he discussed his decision to allow federal funds to be used for stem cell research only in cases where the embryos were not harmed. While still in the beginning stage of exploration, stem cell research, and more specifically embryonic stem cell research, has become a topic of great debate. The ethics and procedures involved have come into question not only by the Catholic Church, but also by many citizens and even our presidents. The morality of this new scientific development lies in the way these stem cells are obtained. For scientists to acquire embryonic stem cells they must be removed from a destroyed embryo. For some this is just a small obst acle or nuisance in technicalities as to what a human being is, while for other it is seen as murder and the taking of a life before it even had a chance. Another reason the use of embryos is frowned upon is because of the alternate and successfully proven approach of using somatic stem cells, which do not require any human life to be harmed. The Catholic Church, being an institution of God and supporting all life, for obvious reasons cannot be a supporter of embryonic stem cell research because of theShow MoreRelatedPerson Vs Professional Ethics On The Embryonic Stem Cell Study1169 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Law Ethics Jimmy Ellis Person vs Professional Ethics on the Embryonic stem cell study 2/15/2017 Miller Motte College, NC The study of the Embryonic Stem Cell is a new interactive way of treatment The embryonic stem cell is a great medical study and medical opportunity in the medical society that we live in today. As a medical care provider I know the in the medical world it has its challenges that are associated with different reproductive technology. With the new medical research on the embryonicRead MoreStem Cell Research Summary Article1058 Words   |  5 PagesStem Cell Research Summary Article By Lizika Marrà ©e-Mills What are stem cells? Stem cells are identical cells that can characterize into specialized cell types. Most stem cells come from two main sources; embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. 1. TwoTypesofStemCells a. Embryonic stem cells i. These are pluripotent cells. This means their main function is to make any other cell in the body. These cells are made from ones found in early human embryos, which are called blastocysts. ii. EmbryonicRead MoreThe Evolution Of Stem Cell Research1334 Words   |  6 PagesAdult Stem Cells Imagine if you could save the life of a child with cancer, correct a man’s paralysis as a result of a stroke, or give a woman who suffers from infertility the gift of life. At the present time there is no cure for terminal diseases like cancer, Parkinson’s, Type I diabetes, spinal cord or brain injuries. The possibility has presented itself by perfecting the use of adult stem cells. Throughout the evolving technologies and experiments, medical researchers have discovered theRead MoreLegal Issues Regarding Stem Cell Research1666 Words   |  7 PagesStem Cell Research Legislation and Legal Issues: A stem cell can be described as the primary building block of the human body and have become important because of its ability to develop into a different cell type. Due to this ability to develop into different cell types, scientists have continued to build up ways to use stem cells to renew or repair damaged tissues or organs. As a result of such efforts, its expected that stem cell research can contribute to the discovery of new therapies forRead MoreAn Argument in Favor of Stem Cell Research Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pagesover stem cell research. While supporters of this new field of science tout it’s potential to cure everything from blindness to paralysis, those against stem cell science liken the procedures used by scientists to murder. It is my intention to bring to light the positive benefits of stem cell research as well as counter the claims used by many Pro-life groups who believe the scientists driving this innovative field of study are nothing more than murders. Most scientists agree that embryonic stemRead MoreThe Function Of The Cardiac Adipose Stem Cells Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesduration of time, the cardiac adipose stem cells still exhibited the cardiovascular cell markers. In the mouse model, these cells displayed the highest rate of cardiac function improvement 6. Of specific importance in relation to stem cell therapy is the ability to regenerate cardiac tissues. In 2012, the first successful transplantation of stem cells into multiple patients contending with a myocardial infarction was successful. The damaged tissues exhibited regrowth in the patients. In the controlRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cells1159 Words   |  5 Pagesdiabetes? These are just a few examples of the diseases that stem cells can treat. A stem cell is a cell that has the potential to mutate into many different types of cells in the body. Ever since stem cells were discovered, they have gained popularity and started to spark interest in scientists all across the world. Today there is a vigorous battle on the ethics, legalization, and experimentation of stem cells. Although stem cells are still being highly debated, they can open new doors in theRead MoreThe Issue Of Stem Cell Research858 Words   |  4 PagesCatholics are absolutely against embryonic stem cell res earch. News is already talking about how the Catholics approve for stem cell research but inside of an interview with Catholic News Service Nancy O’Brien wrote: â€Å"Declaring that the stem-cell research does not present a conflict between science and religion, the U.S bishops overwhelmingly approved a statement June 13th calling the use of human embryos in such research â€Å"gravely immoral† and unnecessary† (O’Brien â€Å"Catholic News Service†). As youRead MoreEssay on Stem Cell Research: Should it be Permitted?868 Words   |  4 PagesStem cell related diseases affect over 100 million americans (White). Right now, there are plenty of government funds for stem cell research, and if we continue on the same path as we are now, stem cell research should be successful; however, the ethics used for embryonic stem cell research are incomprehensibly horrific (Stem cell policy). If this continues to be funded, it could have answers to numerous major diseases, including why they are caused, prevention, and cures for the diseases. MoreRead MoreEssay Problems with Embryonic Stem-Cell Research1416 Words   |  6 PagesRecently in the scientific world, the field of embryonic stem cell research has become a popular topic and has been the subject for many heated debates. Experts in the field of stem cell research promise that this will be the future of medicine; that stem cells will be the cure to all the debilitating diseases and afflictions of today, such as Alzheimer’s disease, heart disease, cancer and nerve damage. The truth about embryonic stem cell research is that it is not as hopeful and as revolutionary

Foundation of Control Free Essays

Organizational control is the process of assigning, evaluating, and regulating resources on an ongoing basis to accomplish an organization’s goals. To successfully control an organization, managers need to not only know what the performance standards are, but also figure out how to share that information with employees. [pic][pic]Control can be defined narrowly as the process a manager takes to assure that actual performance conforms to the organization’s plan, or more broadly as anything that regulates the process or activity of an organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation of Control or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following content follows the general interpretation by defining managerial control as monitoring performance against a plan and then making adjustments either in the plan or in operations as necessary. The six major purposes of controls are as follows: †¢ Controls make plans effective. Managers need to measure progress, offer feedback, and direct their teams if they want to succeed. †¢ Controls make sure that organizational activities are consistent. Policies and procedures help ensure that efforts are integrated. †¢ Controls make organizations effective.Organizations need controls in place if they want to achieve and accomplish their objectives. †¢ Controls make organizations efficient. Efficiency probably depends more on controls than any other management function. †¢ Controls provide feedback on project status. Not only do they measure progress, but controls also provide feedback to participants as well. Feedback influences behavior and is an essential ingredient in the control process. †¢ Controls aid in decision making. The ultimate purpose of controls is to help managers make better decisions.Controls make managers aware of problems and give them information that is necessary for decision making. Many people assert that as the nature of organizations has changed, so must the nature of management controls. New forms of organizations, such as self-organizing organizations, self-managed teams, and network organizations, allow organizations to be more responsive and adaptable in today’s rapidly changing world. These forms also cultivate empowerment among employees, much more so than the hierarchical organizations of the past.Some people even claim that management shouldn’t exercise any form of control whatsoever, and should only support employee efforts to be fully productive members of organizations and communities. Along those same lines, some experts even use the word â€Å"coordinating† in place of â€Å"controlling† to avoid sounding coercive. However, some forms of controls must exist for an organization to exist. For an organization to exist, it needs some goal or purpose, or it isn’t an organization at all. Individual behaviors, group behaviors, and all organizational performance must be in line with the strategic focus of the organization.Preventive control An internal control that is used to prevent undesirable events, errors and other occurrences than an organization has determined could have a negative material effect on a process or end product Preventive Controls focus on preventing errors or exceptions. Here are a few examples of preventive controls: 1. Standards, policies and procedures are the most basic type of preventive control. 2. Segregation of duties also acts as a preventive control against fraud. 3. Authorization / Approval levels also prevent the risk of an illegal act and are thus preventive in nature.Corrective Controls Mechanisms intended to reduce or eliminate unwanted behaviors or results and thereby return the situation to conformity with the organization’s regulations and standards Example of corrective control measure taken by AEON CO (M) BHD (Better know as JUSCO) 1. Implemented internet based and established â€Å"AEON Code of Conduct† website so that international employee can more easily report misconduct without any prejudice. This enables higher level management from AEON JAPAN (HQ) to monitor and take necessary action. Source of ControlThe most important and primary sources of control in most organizations are stacker holder, organization, groups and individuals. Stake holder control Stake holders may consist from the group of union, government agencies, customers, share holders event those have interest on company organization well being, basicall y this group will give direct and indirect pressure to organization to change their behavior and decision. Organizational control Organizational control is about taking preventive or corrective actions to keep things on track. The word suggests the operations of checking, testing, regulating, verifying, or adjusting. Managers use control to detect deviations ranging from desirable standards and make appropriate adjustments. The purpose of the control function is always the same: get the job done despite environmental, organizational, and behavioral obstacles and uncertainties. Group control Group control comprises the norms and values that group or team members and maintain through rewards and punishment. Individual self controlIndividual self controls comprise the guiding mechanism that operates consciously and unconsciously within each person. It’s main on the individual professionalism and skill that he or she has such as lawyers, accountant, engineers and etc. Elements of Internal Control Internal control systems operate at different levels of effectiveness. Determining whether a particular internal control system is effective is a judgment resulting from an assessment of whether the five components – Control Environment, Risk Assessment, Control Activities, Information and Communication, and Monitoring – are present and functioning.Effective controls provide reasonable assurance regarding the accomplishment of established objectives. Control Environment The control environment, as established by the organization’s administration, sets the tone of an institution and influences the control consciousness of its people. Leaders of each department, area or activity establish a local control environment. This is the foundation for all other components of internal control, providing discipline and structure. Control environment factors include: †¢ Integrity and ethical values; †¢ The commitment to competence; Leadership philosophy and operating style; †¢ The way management assigns authority and responsibili ty, and organizes and develops its people; †¢ Policies and procedures. Risk Assessment Every entity faces a variety of risks from external and internal sources that must be assessed. A precondition to risk assessment is establishment of objectives, linked at different levels and internally consistent. Risk assessment is the identification and analysis of relevant risks to achievement of the objectives, forming a basis for determining how the risks should be managed.Because economics, regulatory and operating conditions will continue to change, mechanisms are needed to identify and deal with the special risks associated with change. Objectives must be established before administrators can identify and take necessary steps to manage risks. Operations objectives relate to effectiveness and efficiency of the operations, including performance and financial goals and safeguarding resources against loss. Financial reporting objectives pertain to the preparation of reliable published financial statements, including prevention of fraudulent financial reporting.Compliance objectives pertain to laws and regulations which establish minimum standards of behavior. The process of identifying and analyzing risk is an ongoing process and is a critical component of an effective internal control system. Attention must be focused on risks at all levels and necessary actions must be taken to manage. Risks can pertain to internal and external factors. After risks have been identified they must be evaluated. Managing change requires a constant assessment of risk and the impact on internal controls. Economic, industry and regulatory environments change and entities’ activities evolve.Mechanisms are needed to identify and react to changing conditions. Control Activities Control activities are the policies and procedures that help ensure management directives are carried out. They help ensure that necessary actions are taken to address risks to achievement of the entity’s objectives. Control activities occur throughout the organization, at all levels, and in all functions. They include a range of activities as diverse as approvals, authorizations, verifications, reconciliations, reviews of operating performance, security of assets and segregation of duties.Control activities usually involve two elements: a policy establishing what should be done and procedures to affect the policy. All policies must be implemented thoughtfully, conscientiously and consistently. Information and Communication Pertinent information must be identified, captured and communicated in a form and time frame that enables people to carry out their responsibilities. Effective communication must occur in a broad sense, flowing down, across and up the organization. All personnel must receive a clear message from top management that control responsibilities must be taken seriously.They must understand their own role in the internal control system, as well as how individual activities relate to the work of others. They must have a means of communicating significant information upstream. Monitoring Internal control systems need to be monitored – a process that assesses the quality of the system’s performance over time. Ongoing monitoring occurs in the ordinary course of operations, and includes regular management and supervisory activities, and other actions personnel take in performing their duties that assess the quality of internal control system performance.The scope and frequency of separate evaluations depend primarily on an assessment of risks and the effectiveness of ongoing monitoring procedures. Internal control deficiencies should be reported upstream, with serious matters reported immediately to top administration and governing boards. Internal control systems change over time. The way controls are applied may evolve. Once effective procedures can become less effective due to the arrival of new personnel, varying effectiveness of training and supervision, time and resources constraints, or additional pressures.Furthermore, circumstances for which the internal control system was originally designed also may change. Because of changing conditions, management needs to determine whether the internal control system continues to be relevant and able to address new risks. Components of the Control Activity Internal controls rely on the principle of checks and balances in the workplace. The following components focus on the control activity: Personnel need to be competent and trustworthy, with clearly established lines of authority and responsibility documented in written job descriptions and procedures manuals.Organizational charts provide a visual presentation of lines of authority and periodic updates of job descriptions ensures that employees are aware of the duties they are expected to perform. Authorization Procedures need to include a thorough review of supporting information to verify the propriety and validity of transactions. Approval authority is to be commensurate with the nature and significance of the transactions and in compliance with University policy. Segregation of Duties reduces the likelihood of errors and irregularities.An individual is not to have responsibility for more than one of the three transaction components: authorization, custody, and record keeping. When the work of one employee is checked by another, and when the responsibility for custody for assets is separate from the responsibility for maintaining the records relating to those assets, there is appropriate segregation of duties. This helps detect errors in a timely manner and deter improper activities; and at the same time, it should be devised to prompt operational efficiency and allow for effective communications.Physical Restrictions are the most important type of protective measures for safeguarding company assets, processes and data. Documentation and Record Retention is to provide reasonable assurance that all information and transactions of value are accurately recorded and retained. Records are to be maintained and controlled in accordance with the established retention period and properly disposed of in accordance with established procedures. Monitoring Operations is essential to verify that controls are operating properly. Reconciliations, confirmations, and exception reports can provide this type of information.Internal Control Limitations There is no such thing as a perfect control system. Staff size limitations may obstruct efforts to properly segregate duties, which requires the implementation of compensating controls to ensure that objectives are achieved. A limited inherent in any system is the element of human error, misunderstandings, fatigue and stress. Employees are to be encouraged to take earned vacation time in order to improve operations through crosstraining while enabling employees to overcome or avoid stress and fatigue. The cost of implementing a specific control should not exceed the expected benefit of the control.Sometimes there is no out-of-pocket costs to establish an adequate control. A realignment of duty assignments may be all that is necessary to accomplish the objective. In analyzing the pertinent costs and benefits, managers also need to consider the possible ramifications for the company at large and attempt to identify and weigh the intangible as well as the tangible consequences. Internal controls should reduce the risks associated with undetected errors or irregularities, but designing and establishing effective internal controls is not always a simple task and cannot always be accomplished through a short set of quick fixes.Corrective Control Model Corrective actions/control are steps that are taken to remove the causes of an existing nonconformity or undesirable situation. The corrective control process is designed to prevent the recurrenceof nonconformities or undesirable situations. It tries to make surethat existing nonconformities and situations don’t happen again. It tries to prevent recurrence by eliminating causes. Correctiveactions address actual problems. Because of this, the corrective action process can be thought of as a problem solving process. [pic]Note: Corrective control model relies heavily on information feedback and its responses to it. Define the System It’s about clarification on the purpose of the projects which is engaged to and requires to get basic understanding of the process that to be improved and to e establish estimates timeline and costs. This mainly focuses on inputs, transformation process or output with considering the nature of organization. Identifying Key Characteristics It’s require to obtained key information needed for overall process and to chose the standard that need to measured.The most important point if any cause to failure in controlling important standards will influence the final results therefore needs to have priorities Set standards Standard is required by evaluating qualifications and quantitative standards It’s should be set for each and every measured standards based on two major factors: 1. Cultural influences 2. Performances standard Collect information Infor mation is very important to gather either manually or automatically It could be based on system calculation or based on feedback and any other forms of informationMake comparison Making comparison is very much needed to understand what is happening and what should be happening. We need to evaluate actual results with performances standards, so that we able to make good comparison and reflect in decision making. Diagnose and correct the problem It’s important to assess any types and causes of deviations from standard Action can be taken to eliminate those deviations and correct problem. How to cite Foundation of Control, Papers

Organization Behavior Motivation

Question: Discuss about theOrganization Behaviorfor Motivation. Answer: Introduction Motivation is essential in order to motivate and encourage the workers to perform in the companys best interests. The uniqueness about these best workplaces is to figure out the trust levels and the way workers engage with the culture by use of the Trust Index employee survey. It goes well with the reviewal of the HR policies and programs at the organizational level and to compare with the other firms. Along with this, it uses to examine the performance levels of an organization and able to locate the areas that need more of attention. Rigorous study and consideration by our consultants in order to look at areas in more of profundity and leading towards action planning. This type of exceptional approach makes them eligible for Global Best Multinational Workplace Awards (About Best Workplaces n.d.). At Volkswagen Financial Services, the employee engagement is taken very seriously and that supports employees carry on positive behavior with each other and towards the community. Corporate Social Responsibility is such an area that, receives attention from the part of the workers and for that the dedication and skills level are taken into consideration. Employee forum leads to formal associations in between the superiors and the subordinates. Teamwork helps in getting in touch with each other through social networking and also working for the upliftment of the society. At last, the communication part is highly up to the mark and each movement of the business is made conveyed to its members (Lauby 2005). McDonalds is also doing its best to mark its presence as the best workplace in the UK. It provides with the most flexible and positive culture to its workforces. It gives them the potential and competence to serve best to the needs and expectations of their valuable clientele. Equality also comes up as an important aspect in making workers grow and develop at its largest. In Pentland, the workplace culture conveys the family values. This can also be taken in a way that the workers are made very much comfortable to play their role in the most successful manner. Unity can also be experienced at its largest and that turn up highly successful and hopeful in its nature. Development of the skills and attributes contribute a lot in the building of a better future that results into an immense level of growth and experiences. It offers an opportunity to build a set of skills and talents just to deal with the ever-changing situations (Brown 2007). Most importantly, the profit levels also get climb up. The reason behind is that the employees are very much pleased and satisfied with the workplace conditions, culture, and the way employers think about their welfare and well-being. The workers suggestions in company affairs are highly appreciated and give them the feel to play the significant part in the companys functioning. This is the reason that the workers are always there in companys good as well as bad phases and represent as an associate for its organization (Dweck 2000). Organisational Change Change is an important area to allow an organization move towards more of growth and excellence. It plays the most vital role just to revamp ineffective areas and to give a new and robust look to the companys structure (Lewis 2011). Sustaining Innovations A few sustaining innovations that have affected over the past year need to bring into notice. The sustaining innovations are the possible innovations that are affirmed well at the part of the company. It sees to it that the collective sense of purpose comes out at the part of the workers just to back up the company in this short-lived situations. A small number of the sustained innovations are to reinvent the production process in order to make the product more speedily available to the customers. It seems to be the right time to bring up the change and also to draw in the most optimum resultants (Burke 2013). Another important aspect is to allow an organization check the potential of the workers and to align well with the strategies developed. It is important to back up the companys purpose in order to derive the most desirable experiences out of the same. This is definitely going to sustain the growth of the company. The third one is to check the potential of the company in comparison to the other market rivalries and to put in efforts for maintaining growth in this short-timed situation. These three are the well practiced sustaining innovations (Kezar 2011). Disruptive Innovation The disruptive innovation is the one that brings forth extensive level of disruptions to the marketplace and the way company carries out its working and functioning. The disruptive innovation takes place by making use of the new-fangled financial approach that makes use of the low gross profit margin and more of higher asset utilization. Another disruptive innovation received is by means of new market product offerings that are very much affordable such that the customers can possess ownership on the same. Thirdly, the step is to maintain the competitive edge by considering the best possible business approach leading to more of growth and curtailing of unnecessary expenditures. The use of the most advanced technology to speed up the business process and to make it garner far better returns comes up as a priority. Along with this, the way product reaches to its customers could also be a disruptive innovation. Online trade is another effective example of disruptive innovation as it mod ifies the whole buying experience for the customers. It makes things highly hopeful at the part of the users and changes the whole scenario of buying and selling experiences. These innovations receive the warm welcome because they were Beneficials and exceptional in its nature. With this, it could be made out well stated that the innovation is the best part to make an organization have endured and continued presence at the industry level. This aims more on a realization of the business goals and objectives and also to maintain the success levels (Hussey 2000). References About Best Workplaces. n.d., viewed 2 October 2016, from https://www.greatplacetowork.co.uk/best-workplaces/about-applying-to-best-companies-lists Brown, L.V., 2007, Psychology of Motivation, Nova Publishers, New York. Burke, W.W., 2013, Organization Change: Theory and Practice, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks. Dweck, C.S., 2000, Self-theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development, Psychology Press, Chestnut Street, Suite. Hussey, D.E., 2000, How to Manage Organisational Change, Kogan Page Publishers, Pentonville Road. Kezar, A.J., 2011, Understanding and Facilitating Organizational Change in the 21st Century: Recent Research and Conceptualizations, John Wiley Sons, San Fransisco. Lauby, S.J., 2005, Motivating Employees. American Society for Training and Development, Fort Lauderdale. Lewis, L., 2011, Organizational Change: Creating Change Through Strategic Communication, John Wiley Sons, West Sussex.